In the United States, the development of sociology was not _______ controversies; rather, it emerged from social experience, hence the relatively _______ approach among American sociologists to identifying and solving social problems.
Human cells are programmed to selfdestruct at the same rate at which they are generated. However, the programs can malfunction, resulting either in excessive cell growth, which can lead to cancer, or excessive cell destruction, which can lead to degenerative diseases. As for the latter, using a tool called RNA interference, researchers can turn off the functions of genes individually and, by observing the results, determine which genes influence the process of cell death.Geneticists have isolated more than one hundred different human genes that prevent cells from self-destructing. However, these genes operate interdependently toward this end; moreover, most such genes serve other functions as well, including cell differentiation and proliferation. Scientists are just beginning to identify the gene groups that play key roles in the prevention of cell death and to understand the intricacies of how these groups function, not just as units but also together, in what appears to be a vast network. Building on this knowledge, researchers hope to learn how to precisely manipulate the process of cell death in humans a crucial step toward the development of diagnostics and treatments that target the specific diseases associated with out-of-control cell destruction.The authors primary concern in the passage is to
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The authors overall concern is with describing the process researchers are following to identify the genes responsible for preventing cell death and with the direction (and goals) of current research based on their findings. Of the five choices, choice B. best expresses the gist of the discussion. enterprise was prepared for privatization and which form was most suitable for it. Slow privatization, some claim, is the only way to establish true private ownership, because only those who must pay for enterprise-ownership rights will be engaged in its management. But this method would only prolong the core problems of inefficiency and misallocation of labor and capital, and hence either of two approaches to rapid privatization is preferable. Under one such approach, shares of an enterprise would be distributed among its employees, who would become its owners. This socialist reform method is deeply flawed; it discriminates in favor of workers who happen to be employed by modern, efficient enterprises, and it jeopardizes workers property by requiring them to invest in the same enterprise in which they are employed, rather than diversifying their investments. The better approach involves distribution of enterprise shares, free of charge, among all the people by means of vouchers a kind of investment money. Some critics charge that voucher holders would not be interested in how their enterprises are managed as may be true of small corporate shareholders in capitalist countries who pay little attention to their investments until the corporations profits wane, at which time they rush to sell their securities. But while the resulting fall in stock prices can be perilous for the corporation, this very pressure is what drives private firms toward efficiency and profitability. Other detractors predict that most people will sell their vouchers to foreign capitalists. However, these skeptics ignore the capacity of individuals to compare the future flow of income secured by a voucher to the benefits of immediate consumption. Moreover, even if an individual should decide to sell, the aim of voucher privatization is to secure equality not of property but of opportunity.The author closely associates gradual market deregulation with
The biography depicts the well known actress as _______ but ruthless, _______ the popular notion that she attained stardom through a series of guileful maneuvers.
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